FORTRAN History of a Programming Language

FORTRAN (or formula translation) was the first high-level programming language (software) invented by John Backus for IBM in 1954, released commercially in 1957. Fortran is still used today for programming scientific and mathematical applications. Fortran began as a digital code interpreter for the IBM 701 and was originally named Speedcoding. John Backus wanted a programming language that was closer in appearance to human language, which is the definition of a high-level language, other high language programs include Ada, Algol, BASIC, COBOL, C, C, LISP, Pascal, and Prolog. Generations of Codes The first generation of codes used to program the functions of a computer was called machine language or machine code. Machine code is the language a computer really understands on a machine level, being a sequence of 0s and 1s that the computers controls interpret as instructions electrically.The second generation of code was called assembly language. Assembly language turns the sequences of 0s and 1s into human words like add. Assembly language is always translated back into machine code by programs called assemblers.The third generation of code was called high-level language or HLL, which has human sounding words and syntax (like words in a sentence). In order for the computer to understand any HLL, a compiler translates the high-level language into either assembly language or machine code. All programming languages need to be eventually translated into machine code for a computer to use the instructions they contain. John Backus and IBM I really didnt know what the hell I wanted to do with my life... I said no, I couldnt. I looked sloppy and disheveled. But she insisted and so I did. I took a test and did OK. John Backus on his experience interviewing for IBM. John Backus headed the IBM team of researchers at the Watson Scientific Laboratory that invented Fortran. On the IBM team were the notable names of scientists like Sheldon F. Best, Harlan Herrick (who ran the first successful Fortran program), Peter Sheridan, Roy Nutt, Robert Nelson, Irving Ziller, Richard Goldberg, Lois Haibt, and David Sayre. The IBM team didnt invent HLL or the idea of compiling programming language into machine code, but Fortran was the first successful HLL and the Fortran I compiler holds the record for translating code for over 20 years. The first computer to run the first compiler was the IBM 704, which John Backus helped design. Fortran Today Fortran is now over forty years old and remains the top language in scientific and industrial programming—of course, it has constantly been updated. The invention of Fortran began a $24 million dollar computer software industry and began the development of other high-level programming languages. Fortran has been used for programming video games, air traffic control systems, payroll calculations, numerous scientific and military applications, and parallel computer research. John Backus won the 1993 National Academy of Engineerings Charles Stark Draper Prize, the highest national prize awarded in engineering, for the invention of Fortran.

Unusual Article Uncovers the Deceptive Practices of English Essay Topics for Grade 8

Unusual Article Uncovers the Deceptive Practices of English Essay Topics for Grade 8 If there's a paper they've been assigned to write, they will begin writing on the due night. English essay format is crucial, so you need to adhere to a specific structure. When the essay itself should consist of 3 parts, it's desirable to generate an outline for every one of them. So as to develop into good at writing, you need to be able to plan the whole essay or text in your head first. Planning is crucial in any sort of home task, from building a powerpoint presentation to supplying American Government homework help to your friend. Selecting a topic is a critical issue that partly estimates final success of the job. It's full of different ideas, all which will fight to dominate. Ideas change the Earth, particularly when they're written. Ruthless English Essay Topics for Grade 8 Strategies Exploited First and foremost it's imperative to be sure you comprehend the essay question fully a nd your essay answers each part of the question adequately. Taking into account that lots of persuasive essays concern controversial topics, before writing, you might want to sit down and think of what your opinion on the topic actually is. In this kind of situation, it's more convenient to discover ready-made essays and use them as an example. All essays will have a particular topic that's either one you choose or one which is provided for you. The subject of your essay is crucial. Thanks to the correct selection of presentation style and a thorough understanding of the goals you need to accomplish in your essay, there are many categories essay themes may be broken into. An essay is a rather brief bit of writing on a certain topic. High school essays are structured very similarly no matter the topic and excellent essay structure will let you compose a very clear essay that flows from 1 paragraph to the next. The Upside to English Essay Topics for Grade 8 Usually, a structure of essay contains three principal sections, in other words, introduction, body, and conclusion. There are over a dozen forms of essays, therefore it's easy to become confused. Always bear in mind, any essay have three distinct pieces. So whenever you're writing an essay, you're harnessing the complete might of culture to your life. They all are assembled from writers that are experts of their area. Great connections between arguments are frequently a pitfall to writers, and by making sure fantastic connections are created, you can definitely strengthen your essay! It is essential for students to improve upon and apply their understanding of cardinal direction abilities. High school students have to compose essays on a selection of topics which at first may appear to have nothing in common. Very often it becomes hard to choose a single topic either on account of the many ideas in the student's head, or due to their complete absence. Students Assignment Help isn't just offering English essay topic help for free but at the exact time assignments help in various subjects is also offered. They lead busy lives and often forget about an upcoming deadline. Today, most college students find it difficult to compose an essay on a particular topic. 6 A 6 essay demonstrates a high level of competence and sustained control, although it can have a couple minor errors. Write the information which you're sure about. If when you are preparing a report you merely analyze specific literature, the essay demands an excellent penetration into the issue. When you want an example written by means of a student check out our vast group of totally free student models. A Secret Weapon for English Essay Topics for Grade 8 While it's true that there are a few excellent writers in college some find it extremely difficult to write. You also ought to attempt to read the works of published writers in a vast range of subjects, paying particular attention to the ways the writers use language to share their meaning. As our group of writers is quite big, we always have free writers ready to bring a manageable and well-paid purchase. English is really the most demandable language on earth from past many decades. The type of essay you're looking for will be provided to you within the deadline provided to you. S o the next time you're trying hard to finish an essay or problem, make sure that you have examples of essays or worked problems before you to guide you. You may find that a lot of the topics can be adapted to suit almost any sort of writing assignment. It's necessary the topic you pick must bring in several individuals. So in case you have an essay assigned that you require help with, you can purchase essay online cheap from us. Essays don't need to be difficult! Among the most common forms of essays it is crucial to grasp how to write one. Now go on and construct your ideal essay, because in case you will, you absolutely can!

Hero Honda Success Free Essays

‘Motorcycles are a hit in rural areas’ Monday, April 15, 2002 Many continue to be surprised at the ability of India ‘s 2-wheeler segment to buck the present recessionary trend in the economy. What, they ask themselves, accounts for such resilience: competitive pricing? Quality? Technology? Or, is it ready availability? Mr. Brijmohan Lall Munjal, chairman, Hero Group of Companies, addresses some of these issues in an interview with Soumya Kanti Mitra. We will write a custom essay sample on Hero Honda Success or any similar topic only for you Order Now What makes the 2-wheeler segment so impervious to demand fluctuations? A 2-wheeler is the most necessary consumer durable good owned by lower Middle, and middle class, households. There is multiple ownership of this product in such households. Firstly, there is an income effect that influences 2-wheeler demand. Per Capita GDP growth of 3. 7 per cent per annum has been pushing households up into higher income brackets. The push effect is more in lower and middle- income groups – hence the increased demand. It also links up with the higher contributions of the service sector to GDP; the income impact of that has been greater on lower income households. A second major reason is the inadequate public transport. The percentage of people who use public transport has fallen from 85 per cent to 75. Entry-level transport options like two- and three-wheelers have mostly filled this gap. They have also become a sort of necessity and thus do not show heavy fluctuations in demand. Increased demand for two-wheelers from households has also led financial institutions to increase credit in a sustained way in the last three or four years. That too has imparted stability to this item, compared to others. A good proportion of sales owes to replacement demand. Are motorcycles gaining an edge over scooters? What is your experience as a market leader? There are few fresh issues with scooters. Firstly, the technology was dated. Secondly, most were two-stroke vehicles, less fuel-efficient compared to motorcycles. The only advantage was that one could carry along a spare tyre. But motor- cycles have been preferred in rural areas for better ground clearance, larger wheels and better suspension. They can easily be used on rough roads. Scooters are preferred in urban segments. New generation vehicles with four-stroke engines may soon hit the market and that will boost the sagging scooter market. For the last two years scooters sales have been less than a million per annum. Are you, and others in the industry, planning changes in output and investment? Considering the developments in household incomes and transport requirements we believe that the average annual growth of 2-wheelers for the next three years should be of around 8-10 per cent. There is over-capacity, but investments may be made in individual instances. The demand for motorcycles, however, is expected to grow by 15-18 per cent. That should attract investments. Abroad, certain top-end models in BMW’s, Honda’s or Ducati’s ranges have actually become ‘lifestyle’ statements for executives. Do you see anything like that happening in India ? The next 2-3 years may see a small beginning with the introduction of high-end motorcycles. But the concept is too early for India . We do not have nice roads where the customer can ride such high-end bikes. With affordability not being widespread, who will manufacture to cater to such small volumes? We may see some inroads after imports get fully liberalised, but I think it is early days for that. Are exports from the sector under siege owing to the international slowdown? That could be a major factor. Also, there is over capacity in most countries in the 2- wheeler industry. Markets in Latin America and Africa are impacted, while intra- Asian trade is very competitive. How to cite Hero Honda Success, Papers